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MRI uses a powerful magnet and radio waves to create detailed images of soft tissues and bone without using X-rays. It is commonly used to investigate the shoulder, hip, knee, foot and ankle, spine, and smaller joints of the hands and feet. CT creates cross-sectional and 3D views and is particularly useful for fine bony detail in complex anatomy such as the spine, pelvis and hindfoot.

X-rays are often a first-line examination for bone and joint abnormalities. Fluoroscopy provides moving X-ray images and can be used to support accurate needle positioning for procedures.

Ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to produce dynamic images. It is commonly used to assess muscles, tendons and ligaments, including the rotator cuff and biceps at the shoulder, soft tissues around the hip, tendons around the knee and ankle, and muscle injuries in the upper or lower limb.

Because the examination can assess movement in real time, it can also be used to guide injections when that is clinically appropriate.

Interventional radiology uses X-ray, CT or ultrasound guidance to support procedures such as arthrograms, biopsies and therapeutic injections. The exact approach depends on the clinical question and will be discussed with the referring clinician and patient.

Isotope bone scans map changes in bone activity and may be used when a clinician needs to investigate a wider skeletal problem. A nuclear medicine team will provide any preparation and timing instructions for an individual scan.